While most discussions of executive compensation criticize the seemingly inflated pay CEO receive compared to their performance, an article in Crain’s Detroit Business takes a rather unique approach. In it, CFO’s complain not that CEO pay has risen too much – but that their pay has not kept pace.

After the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and in the wake of many prominent corporate scandals, CFO pay rose due to increased the increased duties and responsibilities of the position; nonetheless, the gap between CEO and CFO pay has only risen in the years since.

According to the article, examining S&P 500 companies, median CFO pay fell from $2.69 million in 2004 to $2.61 million in 2006. In the same time period, CFO compensation as a percentage of CEO compensation fell from 36.1% to 32.2%. The article speculates that much of this difference can be attributed to the perceived importance of the CEO the “corporate breadwinners.”

Of course, the obvious question that is never raised is – using the logic of downstream overpayment effects – whether, despite the CFO-CEO pay gap, both positions are overpaid. Food for thought...

Qwest Communications International (NYSE:Q) shareholders rejected three proposals yesterday that would have given them a greater say in executive compensation matters. The proposals were sponsored by retirees and American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees Pension Plan. Shareholders voted down the proposal with 67% opposing, 20% supporting, and 14% abstaining. The telecommunications company did face a number of questions about executive pay packages, bonuses and other perks at the annual meeting, however, which should give the board some pause when considering future pay packages for its executives.

The failure of this "say for pay" plan marks a continued trend of failure within many public companies. In fact, Verizon Communication remains one of the only large companies to have adopted such a policy that would provide shareholders with a non-binding vote on executive pay packages. However, it is worth noting that many of these other packages were voted down by a narrow margin - the large amounts of dissident shareholders are likely to affect at least some changes in corporate boardrooms.

A recent study by three business professors published last fall in Organizational Science indicates that CEOs are overpaid along with those further down along with those further down the corporate ladder. Specifically, the study suggested that CEOs are concerned more the fairness of their own pay and can often exert significant influence on its fairness relative to other CEOs.

The study itself was conducted by Rutgers University professor James Wade along with Stanford University professor Timothy Pollock. Their work surveyed over 120 companies between 1981 and 1985 (despite the age of the data, both professors contend that current data would yield similar conclusions). The results suggested that if a CEO was overpaid by 64%, another executive one rung down the ladder would be overpaid by 26%, and those four levels down would be overpaid 12%. While these results may be questionable in nature due to the date of the data, it does indicate at least a tendency towards executives being overpaid relative to eachother.

Supposedly outrageous CEO compensation has been a popular target of media reports and political maneuvering recently. Though many executives receive pay in a year that is well beyond what many people will earn in a lifetime, the argument about CEO compensation is not whether it is high – it is whether this high pay is something “bad” or “unfair.”

In a free-market system, a worker’s pay represents their value to the company and the scarcity of similar workers in the marketplace. In theory, this means every workers’ pay, whether a janitor our a Fortune 500 executive, represents an exact measure of how much they contribute to the company and how hard they would be replace if they quit.

Using this logic, Steve Jobs’ $646 million payday for 2006 is proportional to the value he added to Apple Inc. (NDAQ:AAPL) – if his pay was too high shareholders would not tolerate it, and if it was too low Jobs would quit.

In other words, in a truly free market economy, the very existence of high executive compensation means it is justified. Food for thought in a sea of arguments claiming CEO pay is out-of-control.

AMR Corporation (NYSE:AMR) rejected three proposals relating to executive pay during its annual meeting yesterday. First, the Allied Pilots Association had sponsored a resolution to give shareholders an advisory vote on executive compensation each year; however, this proposal was rejected by 59% of AMR's shares. A second resolution that was also rejected would have required that 75% of all stock options and bonuses given to executives were tied to performance metrics. Finally, a third proposal relating to how director votes were cast was also rejected.

So, why are all of these executive pay proposals being rejected by companies? Well, the fact is that many average employees that are affected by these proposals do not actively vote their shares. Rather, the company and institutional shareholders close to the company tend to be the only ones casting the votes. If these proposals are to gain any traction in the future, they will need to attract not only additional institutional interest but also the more common shareholders that tend to have a case of voter apathy.

New York Judge Arthur D. Spatt dismissed a lawsuit against three former executives of North Fork Bancorporation filed by a shareholder upset over $288 million in executive compensation. According to Splatt, "The Plaintiff contends that the statements made in the proxies regarding executive compensation were materially false and misleading because the Defendants failed to disclose the magnitude of payments that they would receive under their change in control arrangements after Capital One's acquisition of North Fork."

Compensation numbers for management have been an issue in merger situations as they may create conflicts of interest. For example, it is not uncommon - particlarly in a board where the CEO is also the chairman - to have a situation where a lower bid is recommended over a higher bid simply because they offer management greater change of control payments. While this lawsuit was unsuccessful, increasing shareholder dismay over such practices is certainly bringing regulatory attention to the matter.

The $1 pay for chief executives is becoming increasingly popular amongst public companies, but is it really anything more than a symbol? Last year, eight CEOs serving in S&P500 companies received the token pay while eight other CEOs in smaller companies also took the plunge. The most popular are Eric Schmidt of Google and Steve Jobs from Apple. Ironically, however, Steve Jobs received the highest compensation out of all public company CEOs last year when his stock options, grants, bonuses and other benefits were factored in. Meanwhile, Google executives continue to sell stock at a high rate - often millions of dollars worth on a daily basis!

To their credit, these CEOs appear to be embracing the pay for performance model more than others. This hasn't been a problem for them, however, since their stocks have been performing extremely well. Whether or not they would embrace a similar policy if their companies were in the process of a restructuring or turnaround is questionable according to many pay analysts. AFL-CIO director Daniel Pedrotty said, "The gesture looks all warm and fuzzy, but it's a facade. It obscures the real number of what an executive gets and in that sense is an insult to investors' intelligence. In the case of Apple it's even more serious amid allegations of options fraud."

Whether or not more executives embrace this model remains to be seen; however, many analysts and investors are convinced that the move is nothing more than an act amongst companies that have exceptional stock performance.

Supervalu Inc. (NYSE:SVU) CEO Jeffrey Noddle was awarded a pay package valued at $20.4 million after a great year for the company, which grew into the nation's third largest grocer. Noddle's salary included a base salary of $1.1 million and stock options and restricted stock worth $17.7 million. Noddle has run the cmopany since 2001 and oversaw the acquisition of 1,100 Albertson's stores last year.